The compilation, reproduction and dissemination of maps and charts by means of manual (analogue) or digital techniques, tools and workflows. This topic covers the compilation, reproduction, dissemination and use of both analogue (paper) and digital maps, charts and atlases. As well as the science of cartography, including georeferencing and geocoding, digital techniques for compiling and generating various types of raster and vector maps and charts are covered, as are the digital mapping tools and Geographic Information Systems available for this purpose. The application of cartography for aeronautical, terrestrial and marine purposes is also covered